Outdoor Wilderness Survival Essentials
Growing up in the city, I never imagined I’d become obsessed with wilderness survival gear. My idea of ‘roughing it’ used to be a weekend at a cabin with spotty Wi-Fi.
But everything changed when I took a wilderness first aid course.
The instructor’s stories of real-life survival situations captivated me, and I realized how woefully unprepared I was for any outdoor emergency.
Wilderness survival gear addresses the basic human needs of shelter, water, food, and safety. Modern survival gear incorporates advanced technology and innovative designs to enhance survivability in even the most challenging environments.
The foundation of any survival kit is the ‘Rule of Threes.’ This principle states that you can survive three minutes without air, three hours without shelter in extreme conditions, three days without water, and three weeks without food. With this in mind, let’s break down the essential components of wilderness survival gear and how they address these critical needs.
Shelter: Your First Line of Defense
A good survival shelter protects you from wind, rain, and extreme temperatures. While a tent is the most obvious choice, it’s not always practical to carry one.
That’s where multi-purpose items come in handy.
Tarp: The Versatile Shelter Solution
A high-quality tarp serves as a shelter, ground cover, or even a makeshift rainwater collector. Paired with some paracord, you’ve got a versatile shelter system that weighs just a few ounces.
Look for tarps made from durable, waterproof materials like silnylon or Dyneema composite fabric.
When selecting a tarp, consider size and shape. A rectangular tarp offers more configuration options, while a square tarp is simpler to set up.
For most solo adventures, a 9×9 foot tarp provides enough coverage.
Paracord: The Unsung Hero of Survival Gear
Paracord, short for parachute cord, is an incredibly versatile tool. Originally developed for suspension lines in parachutes, it’s now a staple in survival kits.
A 50-foot length of paracord weighs just a few ounces but can support up to 550 pounds.
Beyond shelter building, paracord has countless uses:
- Creating a clothesline to dry wet gear
- Fashioning a makeshift fishing line
- Repairing broken equipment
- Constructing a bow drill for fire starting
- Making a splint for first aid
Pro Tip: Practice setting up different shelter configurations in your backyard before heading into the wilderness. Speed and efficiency are crucial in emergency situations.
Water: The Lifeblood of Survival
While carrying water is important, it’s equally crucial to have the means to purify water from natural sources. Modern water filters have come a long way, with some capable of removing up to 99.9999% of waterborne bacteria and 99.9% of protozoan parasites.
Water Filters: Portable Protection Against Pathogens
When choosing a water filter, consider factors like filter pore size, flow rate, and longevity. Popular options include:
- Pump Filters: These manually operated filters are versatile and can draw water from shallow sources.
They’re ideal for group trips but can be bulky for solo adventures.
- Gravity Filters: These hands-free systems are great for base camps.
Simply fill the dirty water bag, hang it up, and let gravity do the work.
- Straw Filters: Compact and lightweight, these allow you to drink directly from water sources.
They’re perfect for ultralight backpacking but less convenient for collecting and storing water.
- Squeeze Filters: These versatile filters can be used to drink directly from water sources, filter into bottles, or even inline with hydration bladders.
Chemical Purification: A Lightweight Backup
Always carry backup purification methods like iodine tablets or chlorine dioxide drops. These chemical treatments are lightweight, take up minimal space, and serve as an excellent backup if your primary filter fails.
Boiling: The Time-Tested Method
A small pot for boiling water serves many purposes in your survival kit. It’s a reliable way to purify water, cook food, and even melt snow for hydration in winter conditions.
Fire: The Heart of Survival
Fire provides warmth, light, and a means to purify water and cook food. While matches and lighters are convenient, they can fail in wet conditions.
Ferrocerium Rod: The All-Weather Fire Starter
I always carry a ferrocerium rod in my kit. These amazing tools produce sparks at temperatures over 3,000°F (1,649°C), igniting even in the wettest conditions.
To use a ferro rod effectively:
- Prepare your tinder bundle first.
Natural materials like dry grass, bark fibers, or cotton balls soaked in petroleum jelly work well.
- Hold the rod close to your tinder at a 45-degree angle.
- Use the back of your knife or the provided striker to scrape down the length of the rod forcefully.
This action shaves off tiny particles of the rod, which ignite in the air.
- Direct these sparks into your tinder bundle.
- Once the tinder catches, gently blow on it to provide oxygen and build the flame.
Weatherproof Matches: A Reliable Backup
Weatherproof matches are coated with a water-resistant material and often come in a waterproof container. They’ll light even when wet and burn hotter and longer than regular matches.
Fire Accelerants: Give Your Fire a Boost
Consider carrying a small amount of fire accelerant like:
- Petroleum jelly-soaked cotton balls
- Dryer lint mixed with wax
- Commercial fire starter cubes
These materials catch sparks easily and burn long enough to ignite larger kindling.
Navigation: Finding Your Way to Safety
While GPS devices are incredibly useful, they can fail or run out of battery. That’s why it’s crucial to carry a compass and know how to use it.
Compass: The Classic Navigation Tool
A good quality baseplate compass is essential. Look for features like:
- A clear baseplate for easy map reading
- A rotating bezel with degree markings
- Luminous markings for night navigation
- A sighting mirror for increased accuracy
Learn to take and follow bearings, and practice regularly. Your life may depend on these skills one day.
Topographic Maps: Understanding the Terrain
Carry detailed topographic maps of the area you’re exploring. These maps show elevation changes, water sources, and other important terrain features.
Learn to read contour lines and identify key landmarks.
Satellite Communicators: Modern Safety Net
In recent years, satellite communicators have become popular among outdoor enthusiasts. These devices allow you to send SOS signals and text messages from almost anywhere on the planet.
Some popular options include:
- Garmin inReach: Offers two-way messaging, location sharing, and weather forecasts.
- SPOT X: Provides similar features to the inReach at a lower price point.
- Zoleo: A newer entrant to the market with competitive pricing and seamless switching between cellular and satellite networks.
While these devices offer an extra layer of safety, remember that they’re not a substitute for proper planning and navigation skills.
Knives: The Ultimate Survival Tool
A good quality knife is often considered the most crucial survival tool. It can be used for shelter building, fire preparation, food processing, and even first aid.
Choosing the Right Survival Knife
Look for a full-tang, fixed-blade knife with a high-quality steel that holds an edge well. Here are some key features to consider:
- Blade Length: A 4-5 inch blade is versatile enough for most tasks without being unwieldy.
- Steel Type: High-carbon steels like 1095 or tool steels like D2 offer excellent edge retention and are easy to sharpen in the field.
Stainless steels like S30V provide good corrosion resistance but can be harder to sharpen without proper tools.
- Tang: A full tang extends the entire length of the handle, providing maximum strength.
- Handle Material: Look for durable materials like G10, Micarta, or quality wood that provide a secure grip even when wet.
- Blade Grind: A flat grind or high saber grind offers a good balance of strength and slicing ability.
Remember, the best knife is the one you have with you when you need it, so choose one that you’re comfortable carrying consistently.
Knife Maintenance in the Field
Keep your knife sharp and clean. A dull knife is more dangerous than a sharp one because it needs more force to use, increasing the risk of slips.
Carry a small sharpening stone or a portable knife sharpener to maintain your edge in the field.
After use, especially in wet or salty conditions, clean your knife and apply a thin layer of oil to prevent rust. A small bottle of mineral oil serves this purpose well and can also be used for first aid and fire starting.
First Aid: Preparing for the Worst
First aid supplies are a non-negotiable part of any survival kit. Beyond the basics like bandages and antiseptic wipes, consider including items for more serious emergencies.
Essential First Aid Items
- Hemostatic Agents: Products like QuikClot can be lifesaving in the case of severe bleeding.
- Trauma Shears: These strong scissors can cut through clothing or gear to access wounds.
- SAM Splint: A moldable splint for immobilizing fractures or sprains.
- Burn Gel: For treating minor burns and providing pain relief.
- Oral Rehydration Salts: Crucial for replacing electrolytes in cases of severe dehydration.
- Emergency Blanket: Provides warmth and can be used for signaling.
- Tweezers: For removing splinters, ticks, or debris from wounds.
- Antihistamines: For allergic reactions to plants, insects, or food.
- Pain Relievers: Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and fever reduction.
- Moleskin: For preventing and treating blisters.
Always tailor your first aid kit to your specific needs and the environment you’ll be in. If you have any medical conditions or allergies, include necessary medications and clearly label them.
First Aid Skills: Knowledge is Power
Having a well-stocked first aid kit is only half the battle. Invest time in learning how to use these supplies effectively.
Consider taking a wilderness first aid course to gain hands-on experience in treating common outdoor injuries and illnesses.
Food: Sustaining Energy in the Wild
Food is less immediate than water or shelter, but still important for long-term survival. Emergency rations or energy bars are compact and provide essential calories.
Emergency Rations: Compact Calories
Look for high-calorie, nutrient-dense foods that have a long shelf life. Some good options include:
- Energy Bars: Choose bars with a good balance of carbohydrates, protein, and healthy fats.
- Freeze-Dried Meals: Lightweight and easy to prepare, just add hot water.
- Trail Mix: A mix of nuts, dried fruits, and seeds provides a good balance of nutrients.
- Pemmican: A traditional survival food made from dried meat, rendered fat, and sometimes dried berries.
- Emergency Food Rations: These specially designed bars are formulated to provide all necessary nutrients and have an extremely long shelf life.
Foraging and Hunting Tools
For longer-term situations, consider including tools for procuring food from the environment:
- Fishing Kit: A compact kit with line, hooks, and lures can provide a sustainable food source near water.
- Snare Wire: Lightweight and versatile, it can be used for small game trapping.
- Slingshot: A compact hunting tool that can take small game with practice.
- Foraging Guide: A small, waterproof guide to edible plants in your area can be invaluable.
Remember, foraging and hunting require specific skills and knowledge. Practice these skills before you need to rely on them in a survival situation.
Clothing: Your Personal Shelter System
Your clothes are your first line of defense against the elements. Invest in high-quality, moisture-wicking base layers, insulating mid-layers, and waterproof outer layers.
Layering for Survival
- Base Layer: Moisture-wicking materials like merino wool or synthetic fabrics keep sweat away from your skin, preventing chilling.
- Insulating Layer: Fleece, down, or synthetic insulation traps warm air next to your body.
- Outer Layer: Waterproof and breathable materials protect you from wind and rain while allowing moisture to escape.
Remember, cotton kills in survival situations because of it’s poor insulating properties when wet. Opt for wool or synthetic materials instead.
Essential Clothing Items
- Hat: Protects from sun and retains body heat.
- Gloves: Protect hands and maintain dexterity in cold conditions.
- Sturdy Boots: Provide ankle support and protection on rough terrain.
- Extra Socks: Dry feet are crucial for preventing blisters and maintaining comfort.
- Bandana: Multi-use item for sun protection, first aid, water filtration, and more.
Assembling Your Survival Kit
When assembling your survival kit, it’s tempting to pack everything but the kitchen sink. However, weight and practicality are crucial considerations.
Every item should serve many purposes if possible.
Multi-Purpose Items: The Key to Efficient Packing
- Large Garbage Bag: Serves as a poncho, water collector, or part of a shelter.
- Duct Tape: Repairs gear, creates makeshift tools, and even works for first aid.
- Bandana: Works as a filter, sling, bandage, or signal flag.
- Metal Water Bottle: Use for carrying water, boiling for purification, or even cooking.
- Whistle: Signals for help and can deter wildlife.
Customizing Your Kit
Your survival kit should be tailored to your specific needs, skills, and the environment you’ll be in. Consider factors like:
- Climate: Desert survival needs different gear than arctic survival.
- Duration: A day hike needs less extensive gear than a week-long backpacking trip.
- Group Size: Solo travel may require more redundancy in critical gear.
- Personal Medical Needs: Include any necessary medications or specific first aid items.
- Skill Level: Be honest about your abilities and pack accordingly.
Skills: The Most Important Survival Tool
One common pitfall in wilderness survival is overreliance on gear. While having the right equipment is important, it’s equally crucial to have the knowledge and skills to use it effectively.
The most comprehensive survival kit in the world is useless if you don’t know how to use it’s contents.
Practicing Survival Skills
To avoid this, practice using your gear regularly:
- Set up your shelter in different configurations.
- Start fires using various methods.
- Filter water from a stream.
- Navigate using map and compass.
- Identify edible plants in your area.
The more familiar you are with your gear and skills, the more effectively you’ll be able to use them in an emergency.
Maintenance: Keeping Your Gear Ready
Regularly check your kit for expired items, test batteries, and confirm everything is in working order. There’s nothing worse than reaching for a crucial piece of equipment in an emergency, only to find it’s not functioning.
Create a maintenance schedule:
- Monthly: Check expiration dates on food and medications.
- Quarterly: Test electronic devices and replace batteries.
- Annually: Review and update your entire kit, replacing worn items.
Adapting to Different Environments
A kit designed for the desert will look very different from one meant for arctic conditions. Research the specific challenges of the environment you’ll be in and adjust your gear accordingly.
Desert Survival Considerations
- Water: Increase your water carrying capacity and include electrolyte replacements.
- Sun Protection: Wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and high-SPF sunscreen are crucial.
- Signaling: Bright colors stand out against the landscape for easier rescue.
Arctic Survival Gear
- Insulation: Focus on high-quality, layered clothing systems.
- Fire Starting: Include many redundant fire-starting methods.
- Snow Tools: A small shovel can help create snow shelters.
Tropical Jungle Kit
- Machete: Essential for clearing dense vegetation.
- Insect Repellent: Protect against disease-carrying insects.
- Water Purification: Increased risk of waterborne pathogens needs robust filtration.
The Interconnectedness of Survival Skills
As you become more experienced with wilderness survival, you’ll start to see how different pieces of gear work together. For example, your knife can be used to create tinder for fire starting, which in turn can be used to purify water.
This interconnectedness of survival skills and gear is what separates true wilderness experts from novices.
Scenario-Based Training
To reinforce your learning, try this exercise: Take your survival kit into your backyard or a local park. Give yourself a scenario (e.g., you’re lost and need to spend the night outdoors) and see how well you can meet your basic needs using only the items in your kit.
This practical experience will highlight any gaps in your gear or skills.
Psychological Aspects of Survival
Often overlooked in discussions of survival gear is the importance of mental preparedness. In a true survival situation, maintaining a positive attitude and the will to survive can be just as important as having the right equipment.
Building Mental Resilience
- Practice Mindfulness: Regular meditation or mindfulness exercises can help you stay calm under pressure.
- Visualize Success: Mentally rehearse successfully overcoming challenging situations.
- Set Small Goals: In a survival situation, break down your objectives into small, achievable tasks to maintain motivation.
- Carry Comfort Items: A small photo of loved ones or a meaningful trinket can provide emotional support.
- Learn Stress Management Techniques: Deep breathing exercises or progressive muscle relaxation can help manage anxiety in high-stress situations.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the most essential items in a wilderness survival kit?
The most crucial items include a reliable water filter, fire-starting tools, a sturdy knife, shelter materials like a tarp, first aid supplies, and navigation tools such as a map and compass.
How much water should I carry for wilderness survival?
As a general rule, plan to carry at least one liter of water per person for every two hours of activity. However, this can vary greatly depending on climate, exertion level, and individual needs.
What’s the best way to start a fire in wet conditions?
Using a ferrocerium rod with prepared tinder like petroleum jelly-soaked cotton balls is one of the most reliable methods for starting a fire in wet conditions.
How can I signal for help in a wilderness emergency?
Three of anything (three fires, three whistle blasts, three ground-to-air signals) is the universal distress signal. Carry a whistle, signal mirror, and brightly colored fabric for signaling.
What’s the most important survival skill to learn?
While all survival skills are important, learning to maintain a positive mental attitude in challenging situations is crucial. This mental resilience can help you effectively apply your other survival skills.
How often should I update my wilderness survival kit?
Review and update your kit at least annually, checking expiration dates on food and medications, testing electronic devices, and replacing worn items.
Can I drink water from natural sources without purification?
It’s always safest to purify water from natural sources, even if it looks clean. Waterborne pathogens can cause serious illness that could compromise your survival situation.
What’s the best way to avoid getting lost in the wilderness?
Always carry a map and compass and know how to use them. Regularly take note of landmarks and your surroundings, and tell someone of your planned route before heading out.
How can I protect food from wildlife in a survival situation?
Store food in airtight containers and hang it from a tree branch at least 10 feet high and 4 feet from the trunk, or use bear-resistant containers where required.
What should I do if I encounter a dangerous wild animal?
Generally, stay calm, make yourself appear large, back away slowly, and give the animal space to leave. Specific strategies may vary depending on the animal species.
Key Takeaways
- Prioritize gear based on the Rule of Threes: air, shelter, water, food.
- Multi-purpose items are invaluable in a survival kit.
- Skills and knowledge are just as important as the gear itself.
- Regularly practice using and maintaining your gear.
- Adapt your kit to the specific environment you’ll be in.